YUKIO MISHIMA, Japanese
author, dies (b: 1925) Unlike the West, in Japan sex was not viewed in
terms of morality, but rather in terms of pleasure, social position, and
social responsibility. While modern attitudes to homosexuality have
changed, this is frequently true even today. Like the pre-modern West,
only sexual acts were seen as being homosexual or heterosexual, not the
people performing such acts. The term gay is never used in discussing
ancient and historical sources because of the modern, western, political
connotations of the word and because the term suggests a particular
identity, one with which homosexuals even in modern Japan may not
identify.
From religious
circles, same-sex love spread to the warrior class, where it was
customary for a young samurai to apprentice to an older and more
experienced man. The young samurai would be his lover for many years.
The practice was known as shudo, the way of youth, and was held in high esteem by the warrior class.
Like the ancient
Greeks, homosexual love was between an older man and an adolescent
youth. And like the Greeks, the sexual relationship was expected to end
when the youth came of age, at which time he would become the mentor in
such a relationship. Just like the Greeks, the Samurai did not practice
exclusive homosexuality or exclusive heterosexuality. They were also
expected to marry and have children;only this came later in life. Unlike
the Greek tradition, it was the younger man's duty to court the older
man. Sometimes the mentor and mentee would remain close friends after
the mentee came of age, and other times a homosexual relationship would
not end despite the custom.
While male love in Japan existed both before and after the Samurai, Shudo
was introduced to the Samurai by Kukai, also known as Kobo Daishi (the
great master from Kobo). Kobo was the founder of a Japanese branch of
Vajrayana Buddhism, and also the founder of the Shingon school at Mount
Koya in 816 A.D. Legend has it that he learned all about nanshoku
from China. Ancient China had a thriving homoerotic tradition,
including homosexual marriages. Kobo's school at Mt. Koya became known
for Shudo, and its homoerotic literary works. Shudo flourished
among the Samurai between the 1200's and the 1600's, and declined after
that as the Samurai themselves declined in importance.
Before the
Samurai, male love existed among Japanese Buddhist monks. It was widely
held that their vows of chastity only applied to the opposite sex. After
the Samurai, while Japan was in an era of relative peace, male love
became more common among the general population and even became
commercialized. When it did, male love lost touch with its warrior
ideals and sense of honor. Mishima was devoted to the restoration of
these ancient Japanese cultural ideals.
On November 25,
1970, Mishima and four members of the Tatenokai, under pretext, visited
the commandant of the Ichigaya Camp - the Tokyo headquarters of the
Eastern Command of Japan's Self-Defense Forces. Inside, they barricaded
the office and tied the commandant to his chair. With a prepared
manifesto and banner listing their demands, Mishima stepped onto the
balcony to address the soldiers gathered below. His speech was intended
to inspire a coup d'etat restoring the emperor to his rightful
place. He succeeded only in irritating them, however, and was mocked and
jeered. He finished his planned speech after a few minutes, returned in
to the commandant's office and committed seppuku. The customary kaishakunin
duty at the end of this ritual had been assigned to Tatenokai member
Masakatsu Morita, but Morita, also known to have been Mishima's lover,
was unable to properly perform the task: after several attempts, he
allowed another Tatenokai member, Hiroyasu Koga, to do the task. Morita
then committed seppuku, and then Koga beheaded him.
Another traditional element of the suicide ritual was the composition of jisei
(death poems), before their entry into the headquarters. Mishima
prepared his suicide meticulously for at least a year and no one outside
the group of hand-picked Tatenokai members had any indication of what
he was planning. His biographer, translator, and former friend John
Nathan suggests that the coup attempt was only a pretext for the ritual
suicide of which Mishima had long dreamed. Mishima made sure his affairs
were in order, even leaving money for the defense trial of the three
surviving Tatenokai members.