Yale historian and Holocaust expert Timothy Snyder wrote: "Americans
are no wiser than the Europeans who saw democracy yield to fascism,
Nazism, or communism. Our one advantage is that we might learn from
their experience. Now is a good time to do so." Snyder's a member of the
Council on Foreign Relations (which includes former Secretaries of
State), and consults on political situations around the globe. He says,
"Here are twenty lessons from the twentieth century, adapted to the
circumstances of today.
1. Do not obey in advance. Much of the power
of authoritarianism is freely given. In times like these, individuals
think ahead about what a more repressive government will want, and then
start to do it without being asked. You've already done this, haven't
you? Stop. Anticipatory obedience teaches authorities what is possible
and accelerates unfreedom.
2. Defend an institution. Follow the
courts or the media, or a court or a newspaper. Do not speak of "our
institutions" unless you are making them yours by acting on their
behalf. Institutions don't protect themselves. They go down like
dominoes unless each is defended from the beginning.
3. Recall
professional ethics. When the leaders of state set a negative example,
professional commitments to just practice become much more important. It
is hard to break a rule-of-law state without lawyers, and it is hard to
have show trials without judges.
4. When listening to politicians,
distinguish certain words. Look out for the expansive use of "terrorism"
and "extremism." Be alive to the fatal notions of "exception" and
"emergency." Be angry about the treacherous use of patriotic vocabulary.
5. Be calm when the unthinkable arrives. When the terrorist attack
comes, remember that all authoritarians at all times either await or
plan such events in order to consolidate power. Think of the Reichstag
fire. The sudden disaster that requires the end of the balance of power,
the end of opposition parties, and so on, is the oldest trick in the
Hitlerian book. Don't fall for it.
6. Be kind to our language. Avoid
pronouncing the phrases everyone else does. Think up your own way of
speaking, even if only to convey that thing you think everyone is
saying. (Don't use the internet before bed. Charge your gadgets away
from your bedroom, and read.) What to read? Perhaps "The Power of the
Powerless" by Václav Havel, 1984 by George Orwell, The Captive Mind by
Czesław Milosz, The Rebel by Albert Camus, The Origins of
Totalitarianism by Hannah Arendt, or Nothing is True and Everything is
Possible by Peter Pomerantsev.
7. Stand out. Someone has to. It is
easy, in words and deeds, to follow along. It can feel strange to do or
say something different. But without that unease, there is no freedom.
And the moment you set an example, the spell of the status quo is
broken, and others will follow.
8. Believe in truth. To abandon
facts is to abandon freedom. If nothing is true, then no one can
criticize power, because there is no basis upon which to do so. If
nothing is true, then all is spectacle. The biggest wallet pays for the
most blinding lights.
9. Investigate. Figure things out for
yourself. Spend more time with long articles. Subsidize investigative
journalism by subscribing to print media. Realize that some of what is
on your screen is there to harm you. Bookmark PropOrNot or other sites
that investigate foreign propaganda pushes.
10. Practice corporeal
politics. Power wants your body softening in your chair and your
emotions dissipating on the screen. Get outside. Put your body in
unfamiliar places with unfamiliar people. Make new friends and march
with them.
11. Make eye contact and small talk. This is not just
polite. It is a way to stay in touch with your surroundings, break down
unnecessary social barriers, and come to understand whom you should and
should not trust. If we enter a culture of denunciation, you will want
to know the psychological landscape of your daily life.
12. Take
responsibility for the face of the world. Notice the swastikas and the
other signs of hate. Do not look away and do not get used to them.
Remove them yourself and set an example for others to do so.
13.
Hinder the one-party state. The parties that took over states were once
something else. They exploited a historical moment to make political
life impossible for their rivals. Vote in local and state elections
while you can.
14. Give regularly to good causes, if you can. Pick a
charity and set up autopay. Then you will know that you have made a
free choice that is supporting civil society helping others doing
something good.
15. Establish a private life. Nastier rulers will
use what they know about you to push you around. Scrub your computer of
malware. Remember that email is skywriting. Consider using alternative
forms of the internet, or simply using it less. Have personal exchanges
in person. For the same reason, resolve any legal trouble.
Authoritarianism works as a blackmail state, looking for the hook on
which to hang you. Try not to have too many hooks.
16. Learn from
others in other countries. Keep up your friendships abroad, or make new
friends abroad. The present difficulties here are an element of a
general trend. And no country is going to find a solution by itself.
Make sure you and your family have passports.
17. Watch out for the
paramilitaries. When the men with guns who have always claimed to be
against the system start wearing uniforms and marching around with
torches and pictures of a Leader, the end is nigh. When the pro-Leader
paramilitary and the official police and military intermingle, the game
is over.
18. Be reflective if you must be armed. If you carry a
weapon in public service, God bless you and keep you. But know that
evils of the past involved policemen and soldiers finding themselves,
one day, doing irregular things. Be ready to say no. (If you do not know
what this means, contact the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
and ask about training in professional ethics.)
19. Be as courageous as you can. If none of us is prepared to die for freedom, then all of us will die in unfreedom.
20. Be a patriot. The incoming president is not. Set a good example of
what America means for the generations to come. They will need it."
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